변호사 이재욱의 미국법 이야기 (Attorney Lee's commentary about U.S. law)

2013년 4월 28일 일요일

gorge (gôrj)

1. A deep narrow passage with steep rocky sides; a ravine.

2. A narrow entrance into the outwork of a fortification.

3. The throat; the gullet: The gory sight made my gorge rise.

4. The crop of a hawk.

5. An instance of gluttonous eating.

6. The contents of the stomach; something swallowed.

7. A mass obstructing a narrow passage: a shipping lane blocked by an ice gorge.

8. The seam on the front of a coat or jacket where the lapel and the collar are joined.

v. gorged, gorg·ing, gorg·es

v.tr.

1. To stuff with food; glut: gorged themselves with candy.

2. To devour greedily.

v.intr.

To eat gluttonously.

[Middle English, throat, from Old French, from Late Latin gurga, perhaps from Latin gurges, whirlpool, abyss.]

gorger n.

gorge [gɔːdʒ]

1. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) a deep ravine, esp one through which a river runs

2. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Anatomy) the contents of the stomach

3. feelings of disgust or resentment (esp in the phrase one's gorge rises)

4. an obstructing mass an ice gorge

5. (Military / Fortifications) Fortifications

a. a narrow rear entrance to a work

b. the narrow part of a bastion or outwork

6. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Anatomy) Archaic the throat or gullet

vb also engorge

1. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Falconry) (intr) Falconry (of hawks) to eat until the crop is completely full

2. to swallow (food) ravenously

3. (tr) to stuff (oneself) with food

[from Old French gorger to stuff, from gorge throat, from Late Latin gurga, modification of Latin gurges whirlpool]

gorgeable adj

gorger n

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

gorge (gɔrdʒ)

n., v. gorged, gorg•ing. n.

1. a narrow cleft with steep, rocky walls, esp. one through which a stream runs.

2. a small canyon.

3. a gluttonous meal.

4. something that is swallowed; contents of the stomach.

5. an obstructing mass: an ice gorge.

6. the seam where the lapel joins the collar of a coat.

7. the rear part of a bastion or similar outwork of a fortification.

8. a primitive type of fishhook consisting of a sharply pointed piece of bone, antler, etc., that is attached to a line and lodges in a fish's gills when swallowed.

9. the throat; gullet.

10. a feeling of strong disgust or anger: Their cruelty made his gorge rise.

v.t.

11. to stuff with food: to gorge oneself.

12. to swallow, esp. greedily.

13. to fill or choke up.

v.i.

14. to eat greedily.

[1325–75;< Old French gorger, derivative of gorge throat « Latin gurguliō gullet, gurges whirlpool, eddy]

gorg′er, n.

gorge (gôrj)

A deep, narrow valley with steep rocky sides, often with a stream flowing through it. Gorges are smaller and narrower than canyons and are often a part of a canyon.

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun	1.	gorge - a deep ravine (usually with a river running through it) flume, gulch - a narrow gorge with a stream running through it ravine - a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)
	2.	gorge - a narrow pass (especially one between mountains) defile mountain pass, notch, pass - the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got through the pass before it started to snow"
	3.	gorge - the passage between the pharynx and the stomach esophagus, gullet, oesophagus passageway, passage - a path or channel or duct through or along which something may pass; "the nasal passages" muscle system, muscular structure, musculature - the muscular system of an organism alimentary canal, alimentary tract, digestive tract, digestive tube, gastrointestinal tract, GI tract - tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination epicardia - the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach cardiac sphincter - the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction
Verb	1.	gorge - overeat or eat immodestly; make a pig of oneself; "She stuffed herself at the dinner"; "The kids binged on ice cream" binge, englut, engorge, glut, gormandise, gormandize, gourmandize, ingurgitate, overeat, overgorge, overindulge, pig out, scarf out, satiate, stuff eat - eat a meal; take a meal; "We did not eat until 10 P.M. because there were so many phone calls"; "I didn't eat yet, so I gladly accept your invitation"

gorge

noun

ravine, canyon, pass, clough (dialect), chasm, cleft, fissure, defile, gulch a steep path into Crete's Samaria Gorge

verb

1. overeat, bolt, devour, gobble, wolf, swallow, gulp, guzzle, pig out (slang) I could spend all day gorging on chocolate.

2. (usually reflexive) stuff, fill, feed, cram, glut, surfeit, satiate, sate Three men were gorging themselves on grouse and watermelon.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

Translations

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gorge (goːdʒ) noun

a deep narrow valley. A river ran along the bottom of the gorge.

verb

to eat greedily until one is full. He gorged himself on fruit at the party.

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de·file¹ (d

-f

)

tr.v. de·filed, de·fil·ing, de·files

1. To make filthy or dirty; pollute: defile a river with sewage.

2. To debase the pureness or excellence of; corrupt: a country landscape that was defiled by urban sprawl.

3. To profane or sully (a reputation, for example).

4. To make unclean or unfit for ceremonial use; desecrate: defile a temple.

5. To violate the chastity of.

[Middle English defilen, alteration (influenced by filen, to befoul, from Old English flan; see p- in Indo-European roots) of defoulen, to trample on, abuse, pollute, from Old French defouler, to trample, full cloth : de-,de- + fouler, to trample, beat down; see full².]

de·filement n.

de·filer n.

de·filing·ly adv.

de·file² (d

-f

)

intr.v. de·filed, de·fil·ing, de·files

To march in single file or in files or columns.

1. A narrow gorge or pass that restricts lateral movement, as of troops.

2. A march in a line.

[French défiler : dé-, away, off (from Old French de-; see de-) + file, line, file (from Old French filer, to spin thread, march in line; see file¹). N., from French défilé, from past participle of défiler.]

defile¹

vb (tr)

1. to make foul or dirty; pollute

2. to tarnish or sully the brightness of; taint; corrupt

3. to damage or sully (someone's good name, reputation, etc.)

4. to make unfit for ceremonial use; desecrate

5. to violate the chastity of

[from earlier defoilen (influenced by filen to file³), from Old French defouler to trample underfoot, abuse, from de- + fouler to tread upon; see full²]

defilement n

defiler n

defile²

1. (Earth Sciences / Physical Geography) a narrow pass or gorge, esp one between two mountains

2. (Military) a single file of soldiers, etc.

(Military) Chiefly military to march or cause to march in single file

[from French défilé, from défiler to file off, from filer to march in a column, from Old French: to spin, from fil thread, from Latin fīlum]

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

de•file¹ (dɪˈfaɪl)

v.t. -filed, -fil•ing.

1. to make foul, dirty, or unclean.

2. to violate the chastity of.

3. to desecrate.

4. to sully, as a person's reputation.

[1275–1325; < Old French defouler to trample on, violate]

de•file′ment, n.

de•fil′er, n.

de•fil′ing•ly, adv.

de•file² (dɪˈfaɪl, ˈdi faɪl)

n., v. -filed, -fil•ing. n.

1. a narrow passage, esp. between mountains.

v.i.

2. to march in a line or by files.

[1675–85; < French défilé, n. use of past participle of défiler to file off; see defilade]

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun	1.	defile - a narrow pass (especially one between mountains) gorge mountain pass, notch, pass - the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got through the pass before it started to snow"
Verb	1.	defile - place under suspicion or cast doubt upon; "sully someone's reputation" sully, taint, corrupt, cloud mar, deflower, impair, vitiate, spoil - make imperfect; "nothing marred her beauty"
	2.	defile - make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air; also used metaphorically; "The silver was tarnished by the long exposure to the air"; "Her reputation was sullied after the affair with a married man" maculate, tarnish, sully, stain blob, fleck, blot, spot - make a spot or mark onto; "The wine spotted the tablecloth" darken - tarnish or stain; "a scandal that darkened the family's good name"
	3.	defile - spot, stain, or pollute; "The townspeople defiled the river by emptying raw sewage into it" befoul, maculate, foul attaint, disgrace, dishonor, dishonour, shame - bring shame or dishonor upon; "he dishonored his family by committing a serious crime"

defile

verb

1. degrade, stain, disgrace, sully, debase, dishonour, besmirch, smirch He felt his father's memory had been defiled by the article.

2. desecrate, violate, contaminate, abuse, pollute, profane, dishonour, despoil, treat sacrilegiously Who gave you permission to defile this sacred place?

3. dirty, soil, contaminate, smear, pollute, taint, tarnish, make foul, smirch, befoul piles of old clothes defiled with excrement

4. violate, abuse, rape, seduce, molest, ravish, deflower The soldiers brutally defiled her in front of her parents.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

Translations

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foil¹ (foil)

tr.v. foiled, foil·ing, foils

1. To prevent from being successful; thwart.

2. To obscure or confuse (a trail or scent) so as to evade pursuers.

n. Archaic

1. A repulse; a setback.

2. The trail or scent of an animal.

[Middle English foilen, to trample, defile, variant of filen, to defile; see file³.]

foil² (foil)

1. A thin, flexible leaf or sheet of metal: aluminum foil.

2. A thin layer of polished metal placed under a displayed gem to lend it brilliance.

3. One that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another: "I am resolved my husband shall not be a rival, but a foil to me" (Charlotte Brontë).

4. The reflective metal coating on the back of a glass mirror.

5. Architecture A curvilinear, often lobelike figure or space formed between the cusps of intersecting arcs, found especially in Gothic tracery and Moorish ornament.

a. An airfoil.

b. Nautical A hydrofoil.

tr.v. foiled, foil·ing, foils

1. To cover or back with foil.

2. To set off by contrast.

[Middle English, from Old French foille, from Latin folia, pl. of folium, leaf; see bhel-³ in Indo-European roots.]

foil³ (foil)

1. A fencing sword having a usually circular guard and a thin, flexible four-sided blade with a button on the tip to prevent injury.

2. The art or sport of fencing with such a sword. Often used in the plural: a contest at foils.

[Origin unknown.]

foil¹

vb (tr)

1. to baffle or frustrate (a person, attempt, etc.)

2. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Hunting) Hunting (of hounds, hunters, etc.) to obliterate the scent left by a hunted animal or (of a hunted animal) to run back over its own trail

3. Archaic to repulse or defeat (an attack or assailant)

1. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Hunting) Hunting any scent that obscures the trail left by a hunted animal

2. Archaic a setback or defeat

[C13 foilen to trample, from Old French fouler, from Old French fuler tread down, full²]

foilable adj

foil²

1. (Engineering / Metallurgy) metal in the form of very thin sheets gold foil tin foil

2. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Ceramics) the thin metallic sheet forming the backing of a mirror

3. (Clothing, Personal Arts & Crafts / Jewellery) a thin leaf of shiny metal set under a gemstone to add brightness or colour

4. a person or thing that gives contrast to another

5. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) Architect a small arc between cusps, esp as used in Gothic window tracery

6. (Engineering / Aeronautics) short for aerofoil, hydrofoil

vb (tr)

1. (Engineering / Metallurgy) to back or cover with foil

2. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) Also foliate Architect to ornament (windows) with foils

[from Old French foille, from Latin folia leaves, plural of folium]

foil³

(Military / Arms & Armour (excluding Firearms)) a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button and usually having a bell-shaped guard

[of unknown origin]

foil¹ (fɔɪl)

v.t.

1. to prevent the success of; frustrate; thwart.

2. to keep (a person) from succeeding in an enterprise, plan, etc.

3. Archaic. a defeat; check; repulse.

[1250–1300; Middle English < Anglo-French foller, Old French fuler to trample, full (cloth)]

foil′a•ble, adj.

foil² (fɔɪl)

n.

1. metal in the form of very thin sheets: aluminum foil.

2. the metallic backing applied to glass to form a mirror.

3. a thin layer of metal placed under a gem in a closed setting to improve its color or brilliancy.

4. a person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast.

5. an arc or rounded space between cusps.

6. an airfoil or hydrofoil.

v.t.

7. to cover or back with foil.

8. to set off by contrast.

[1350–1400; Middle English < Old French]

foil³ (fɔɪl)

n.

1. a flexible four-sided rapier having a blunt point.

2. foils, the art or practice of fencing with this weapon, points being made by touching the trunk of the opponent's body with the tip of the weapon.

[1585–95; orig. uncertain]

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun	1.	foil - a piece of thin and flexible sheet metal; "the photographic film was wrapped in foil" aluminium foil, aluminum foil, tin foil - foil made of aluminum chaff - foil in thin strips; ejected into the air as a radar countermeasure gold foil - foil made of gold sheet metal - sheet of metal formed into a thin plate tin foil, tinfoil - foil made of tin or an alloy of tin and lead
	2.	foil - anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities; "pretty girls like plain friends as foils" enhancer attention - a general interest that leads people to want to know more; "She was the center of attention"
	3.	foil - a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through; "the fins of a fish act as hydrofoils" hydrofoil device - an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose; "the device is small enough to wear on your wrist"; "a device intended to conserve water"
	4.	foil - picture consisting of a positive photograph or drawing on a transparent base; viewed with a projector transparency ikon, picture, icon, image - a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface; "they showed us the pictures of their wedding"; "a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them" lantern slide, slide - a transparency mounted in a frame; viewed with a slide projector viewgraph, overhead - a transparency for use with an overhead projector
	5.	foil - a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button fencing - the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules) fencing sword - a sword used in the sport of fencing
Verb	1.	foil - enhance by contrast; "In this picture, the figures are foiled against the background" counterpoint, contrast - to show differences when compared; be different; "the students contrast considerably in their artistic abilities"
	2.	foil - hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of; "What ultimately frustrated every challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge"; "foil your opponent" frustrate, queer, scotch, thwart, baffle, bilk, cross, spoil disappoint, let down - fail to meet the hopes or expectations of; "Her boyfriend let her down when he did not propose marriage" foreclose, forestall, preclude, prevent, forbid - keep from happening or arising; make impossible; "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"; "Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project" dash - destroy or break; "dashed ambitions and hopes" short-circuit - hamper the progress of; impede; "short-circuit warm feelings" ruin - destroy or cause to fail; "This behavior will ruin your chances of winning the election"
	3.	foil - cover or back with foil; "foil mirrors" cover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"

foil¹

verb thwart, stop, check, defeat, disappoint, counter, frustrate, hamper, baffle, elude, balk, circumvent, outwit, nullify, checkmate, nip in the bud, put a spoke in (someone's) wheel (Brit.) A brave police chief foiled an armed robbery.

foil²

noun complement, setting, relief, contrast, background, antithesis A cold beer is the perfect foil for a curry.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

Translations

Select a language: -----------------------

foil¹ (foil) verb

to defeat; to disappoint. She was foiled in her attempt to become President.

foil² (foil) noun

1. extremely thin sheets of metal that resemble paper. silver foil.

2. a dull person or thing against which someone or something else seems brighter. She acted as a foil to her beautiful sister.

foil³ (foil) noun

a blunt sword with a button at the end, used in the sport of fencing.

foil

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