변호사 이재욱의 미국법 이야기 (Attorney Lee's commentary about U.S. law)

2013년 4월 28일 일요일

foil¹ (foil)

tr.v. foiled, foil·ing, foils

1. To prevent from being successful; thwart.

2. To obscure or confuse (a trail or scent) so as to evade pursuers.

n. Archaic

1. A repulse; a setback.

2. The trail or scent of an animal.

[Middle English foilen, to trample, defile, variant of filen, to defile; see file³.]

foil² (foil)

1. A thin, flexible leaf or sheet of metal: aluminum foil.

2. A thin layer of polished metal placed under a displayed gem to lend it brilliance.

3. One that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another: "I am resolved my husband shall not be a rival, but a foil to me" (Charlotte Brontë).

4. The reflective metal coating on the back of a glass mirror.

5. Architecture A curvilinear, often lobelike figure or space formed between the cusps of intersecting arcs, found especially in Gothic tracery and Moorish ornament.

a. An airfoil.

b. Nautical A hydrofoil.

tr.v. foiled, foil·ing, foils

1. To cover or back with foil.

2. To set off by contrast.

[Middle English, from Old French foille, from Latin folia, pl. of folium, leaf; see bhel-³ in Indo-European roots.]

foil³ (foil)

1. A fencing sword having a usually circular guard and a thin, flexible four-sided blade with a button on the tip to prevent injury.

2. The art or sport of fencing with such a sword. Often used in the plural: a contest at foils.

[Origin unknown.]

foil¹

vb (tr)

1. to baffle or frustrate (a person, attempt, etc.)

2. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Hunting) Hunting (of hounds, hunters, etc.) to obliterate the scent left by a hunted animal or (of a hunted animal) to run back over its own trail

3. Archaic to repulse or defeat (an attack or assailant)

1. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Hunting) Hunting any scent that obscures the trail left by a hunted animal

2. Archaic a setback or defeat

[C13 foilen to trample, from Old French fouler, from Old French fuler tread down, full²]

foilable adj

foil²

1. (Engineering / Metallurgy) metal in the form of very thin sheets gold foil tin foil

2. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Ceramics) the thin metallic sheet forming the backing of a mirror

3. (Clothing, Personal Arts & Crafts / Jewellery) a thin leaf of shiny metal set under a gemstone to add brightness or colour

4. a person or thing that gives contrast to another

5. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) Architect a small arc between cusps, esp as used in Gothic window tracery

6. (Engineering / Aeronautics) short for aerofoil, hydrofoil

vb (tr)

1. (Engineering / Metallurgy) to back or cover with foil

2. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) Also foliate Architect to ornament (windows) with foils

[from Old French foille, from Latin folia leaves, plural of folium]

foil³

(Military / Arms & Armour (excluding Firearms)) a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button and usually having a bell-shaped guard

[of unknown origin]

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

foil¹ (fɔɪl)

v.t.

1. to prevent the success of; frustrate; thwart.

2. to keep (a person) from succeeding in an enterprise, plan, etc.

3. Archaic. a defeat; check; repulse.

[1250–1300; Middle English < Anglo-French foller, Old French fuler to trample, full (cloth)]

foil′a•ble, adj.

foil² (fɔɪl)

n.

1. metal in the form of very thin sheets: aluminum foil.

2. the metallic backing applied to glass to form a mirror.

3. a thin layer of metal placed under a gem in a closed setting to improve its color or brilliancy.

4. a person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast.

5. an arc or rounded space between cusps.

6. an airfoil or hydrofoil.

v.t.

7. to cover or back with foil.

8. to set off by contrast.

[1350–1400; Middle English < Old French]

foil³ (fɔɪl)

n.

1. a flexible four-sided rapier having a blunt point.

2. foils, the art or practice of fencing with this weapon, points being made by touching the trunk of the opponent's body with the tip of the weapon.

[1585–95; orig. uncertain]

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun	1.	foil - a piece of thin and flexible sheet metal; "the photographic film was wrapped in foil" aluminium foil, aluminum foil, tin foil - foil made of aluminum chaff - foil in thin strips; ejected into the air as a radar countermeasure gold foil - foil made of gold sheet metal - sheet of metal formed into a thin plate tin foil, tinfoil - foil made of tin or an alloy of tin and lead
	2.	foil - anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities; "pretty girls like plain friends as foils" enhancer attention - a general interest that leads people to want to know more; "She was the center of attention"
	3.	foil - a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through; "the fins of a fish act as hydrofoils" hydrofoil device - an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose; "the device is small enough to wear on your wrist"; "a device intended to conserve water"
	4.	foil - picture consisting of a positive photograph or drawing on a transparent base; viewed with a projector transparency ikon, picture, icon, image - a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface; "they showed us the pictures of their wedding"; "a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them" lantern slide, slide - a transparency mounted in a frame; viewed with a slide projector viewgraph, overhead - a transparency for use with an overhead projector
	5.	foil - a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button fencing - the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules) fencing sword - a sword used in the sport of fencing
Verb	1.	foil - enhance by contrast; "In this picture, the figures are foiled against the background" counterpoint, contrast - to show differences when compared; be different; "the students contrast considerably in their artistic abilities"
	2.	foil - hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of; "What ultimately frustrated every challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge"; "foil your opponent" frustrate, queer, scotch, thwart, baffle, bilk, cross, spoil disappoint, let down - fail to meet the hopes or expectations of; "Her boyfriend let her down when he did not propose marriage" foreclose, forestall, preclude, prevent, forbid - keep from happening or arising; make impossible; "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"; "Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project" dash - destroy or break; "dashed ambitions and hopes" short-circuit - hamper the progress of; impede; "short-circuit warm feelings" ruin - destroy or cause to fail; "This behavior will ruin your chances of winning the election"
	3.	foil - cover or back with foil; "foil mirrors" cover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"

foil¹

verb thwart, stop, check, defeat, disappoint, counter, frustrate, hamper, baffle, elude, balk, circumvent, outwit, nullify, checkmate, nip in the bud, put a spoke in (someone's) wheel (Brit.) A brave police chief foiled an armed robbery.

foil²

noun complement, setting, relief, contrast, background, antithesis A cold beer is the perfect foil for a curry.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

Translations

Select a language: -----------------------

foil¹ (foil) verb

to defeat; to disappoint. She was foiled in her attempt to become President.

foil² (foil) noun

1. extremely thin sheets of metal that resemble paper. silver foil.

2. a dull person or thing against which someone or something else seems brighter. She acted as a foil to her beautiful sister.

foil³ (foil) noun

a blunt sword with a button at the end, used in the sport of fencing.

foil

lunge (l

nj)

1. A sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword.

2. A sudden forward movement or plunge.

v. lunged, lung·ing, lung·es

v.intr.

1. To make a sudden thrust or pass.

2. To move with a sudden thrust.

v.tr.

To cause (someone) to lunge.

[From alteration of obsolete allonge, to thrust, from French allonger, from Old French alongier, to lengthen : a, to (from Latin ad; see ad-) + long, long (from Latin longus; see del-¹ in Indo-European roots).]

lunge¹

1. a sudden forward motion

2. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Fencing) Fencing a thrust made by advancing the front foot and straightening the back leg, extending the sword arm forwards

1. to move or cause to move with a lunge

2. (Individual Sports & Recreations / Fencing) (intr) Fencing to make a lunge

[shortened form of obsolete C17 allonge, from French allonger to stretch out (one's arm), from Late Latin ēlongāre to lengthen. Compare elongate]

lunger n

lunge²

(Individual Sports & Recreations / Horse Training, Riding & Manège) a rope used in training or exercising a horse

(Individual Sports & Recreations / Horse Training, Riding & Manège) to exercise or train (a horse) on a lunge

[from Old French longe, shortened from allonge, ultimately from Latin longus long¹; related to lunge¹]

lunge (lʌndʒ)

n., v. lunged, lung•ing. n.

1. a sudden forward thrust, as with a sword or knife; stab.

2. any sudden forward movement; plunge.

v.i.

3. to make a lunge or thrust; move with a lunge.

v.t.

4. to thrust (something) forward; cause to lunge: lunging a finger accusingly.

[1725–35; earlier longe for French allonge (n.; construed as a longe), allonger (v.) to lengthen, extend, deliver (blows) < Vulgar Latin *allongāre, for Late Latin ēlongāre to elongate]

lung′er, n.

Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms

Noun	1.	lunge - the act of moving forward suddenly lurch movement, move, motion - the act of changing location from one place to another; "police controlled the motion of the crowd"; "the movement of people from the farms to the cities"; "his move put him directly in my path"
	2.	lunge - (fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward passado, straight thrust fencing - the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules) knife thrust, stab, thrust - a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument; "one strong stab to the heart killed him" remise - (fencing) a second thrust made on the same lunge (as when your opponent fails to riposte)
Verb	1.	lunge - make a thrusting forward movement hurl, hurtle, thrust move - move so as to change position, perform a nontranslational motion; "He moved his hand slightly to the right" dart - move with sudden speed; "His forefinger darted in all directions as he spoke" riposte - make a return thrust; "his opponent riposted"

lunge

verb

pounce, charge, bound, dive, leap, plunge, dash, thrust, poke, jab I lunged forward to try to hit him.

noun

thrust, charge, pounce, pass, spring, swing, jab, swipe (informal) He knocked on the door and made a lunge for her when she opened it.

Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

Translations

Select a language: -----------------------

lunge (landʒ) verb

to make a sudden strong or violent forward movement. Her attacker lunged at her with a knife.

noun

a movement of this sort. He made a lunge at her.

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foin (foin) Archaic

intr.v. foined, foin·ing, foins

To thrust with a pointed weapon.

A thrust with a pointed weapon.

[Middle English foinen, from foin, a thrust, from Old French foine, pitchfork, from Latin fuscina, three-pronged fish spear.]

foin [fɔɪn] Archaic

a thrust or lunge with a weapon

to thrust with a weapon

[probably from Old French foine, from Latin fuscina trident]

foin (fɔɪn)
Archaic.
n.

1. a thrust with a weapon.

v.i.

2. to thrust with a weapon; lunge.

[1325–75; Middle English (v.), appar. < Old French foine fish spear < Latin fuscina]

foin - To make a thrust or lunge with a pointed weapon.

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